Scope of practice in Primary Care: physicians and nurses in five health regions in Brazil / Escopos de prática na Atenção Primária: médicos e enfermeiros em cinco regiões de saúde do Brasil

Objectives: The review on scopes of practice tends to gain importance in Human Resource in Health agenda in Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate the scope of practice of physicians and nurses who work in the Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) (Primary Healthcare) and their main barriers. Methods: this is an exploratory qualitative study conducted in 2015 and 2016, through interviews with 26 physicians and 26 nurses who work in the APS in 12 cities distributed in five Brazilian health regions. Results: physicians and nurses in the health region of the North and Northeast performed a great number of procedures, and those physicians who work in units located in rural areas. Both professional categories indicated that they knew how to carry out several procedures that were not performed in practice. The main barriers for not performing those procedures include, lack of access to exams, materials and inadequate infrastructure, protocols and city guides restrictions, legal restrictions and lack of training. Conclusions: the results suggests the need to ease the health professionals’ attributions, facilitate the integration between the professionals’ practices and optimizing their work, especially in remote and unassisted regions, in order to be in favor of expanding the access and problem solving in APS.

Objetivos: A revisão dos escopos de prática tende a ganhar importância crescente na agenda dos Recursos Humanos em Saúde no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o escopo de prática de médicos e enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) e suas principais barreiras. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo exploratório de natureza qualitativa realizado em 2015 e 2016, por meio de entrevistas com 26 médicos e 26 enfermeiros que atuam na APS em 12 municípios, distribuídos em cinco regiões de saúde brasileiras. Resultados: médicos e enfermeiros em regiões de saúde no Norte e Nordeste realizam maior número de procedimentos, e ainda aqueles médicos que atuam em unidades localizadas em áreas rurais. Ambas as categorias profissionais indicaram saber realizar diversos procedimentos que não são realizados na prática. As principais barreiras para a não realização dos mesmos incluem, entre outras, falta de acesso a exames, insumos e infraestrutura inadequada, restrições de protocolos e guias municipais, restrições legais e a falta de capacitação. Conclusões: os resultados sugerem a necessidade de flexibilizar as atribuições dos profissionais de saúde, facilitando a integração entre as práticas destes profissionais, e otimizando seu trabalho, principalmente naquelas regiões mais remotas e desassistidas, de forma a favorecer a ampliação do acesso e resolutividade na APS.

Assessment of the scope of practice of physicians participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program, and associated factors. / Avaliação do escopo de prática de médicos participantes do Programa Mais Médicos e fatores associados.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the scope of practice of physicians working in primary healthcare participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program ('PMM') and investigate the factors associated with execution of a larger number of clinical activities. It is an exploratory study carried over January to March 2016, through a self-applied questionnaire containing a list of 49 procedures, activities and actions carried out in primary healthcare. A total of 1,241 physicians took part in the study, most of them female, between age 40 and 49, and of Cuban nationality. The physicians carried out an average of 22.8 ± 8.2 procedures; they reported knowing how to carry out a larger number of procedures. Factors associated with executing a larger number of procedures were: being male, having graduated more recently, two years or less practicing in their primary healthcare unit, practicing in the North or South geographical regions, in small towns and more distant from the regional health headquarters. The main reason for not carrying out the procedures and activities that they reported knowing how to do was the lack of materials and inadequate infrastructure. The results show that the scope of practice of the physicians of the PMM is lower than their capacities, and that interventions with the intention of widening their scope are necessary.

Avaliação do escopo de prática de médicos participantes do Programa Mais Médicos e fatores associados / Assessment of the scope of practice of physicians participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program, and associated factors

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o escopo de prática de médicos inseridos na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), participantes do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) e investigar os fatores associados à execução de maior número de atividades clínicas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal realizado entre janeiro e março de 2016, por meio de questionário autoaplicável, contendo uma lista de 49 procedimentos, atividades e ações realizadas na APS. Participaram do estudo 1.241 médicos, a maioria do sexo feminino, entre 40-49 anos de idade, de nacionalidade cubana. Os médicos realizaram uma média de 22,8 ± 8,2 procedimentos, porém, relataram saber fazer um número maior. Fatores associados à realização de maior número de procedimentos foram sexo masculino, menor tempo de graduação, dois anos ou menos de atuação na UBS, atuar na região geográfica Norte ou Sul, em municípios de pequeno porte e mais distantes da sede da região de saúde. O principal motivo para não realizar os procedimentos e atividades que relataram saber fazer foi a falta de materiais e a infraestrutura inadequada. Os resultados revelam que o escopo de prática dos médicos do PMM está abaixo de suas capacidades, sendo necessárias intervenções para o ampliar.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the scope of practice of physicians working in primary healthcare participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (‘PMM') and investigate the factors associated with execution of a larger number of clinical activities. It is an exploratory study carried over January to March 2016, through a self-applied questionnaire containing a list of 49 procedures, activities and actions carried out in primary healthcare. A total of 1,241 physicians took part in the study, most of them female, between age 40 and 49, and of Cuban nationality. The physicians carried out an average of 22.8 ± 8.2 procedures; they reported knowing how to carry out a larger number of procedures. Factors associated with executing a larger number of procedures were: being male, having graduated more recently, two years or less practicing in their primary healthcare unit, practicing in the North or South geographical regions, in small towns and more distant from the regional health headquarters. The main reason for not carrying out the procedures and activities that they reported knowing how to do was the lack of materials and inadequate infrastructure. The results show that the scope of practice of the physicians of the PMM is lower than their capacities, and that interventions with the intention of widening their scope are necessary.